Regulation on the loading of building works. Article 8 – Variable loads

metablhta-fortia

Royal Decree 10-12-45 (Government Gazette 325/A/45) [EFFECTIVE from 10-12-45] (Correction made due to errors in Government Gazette 171/A/46).

“Regulations for the loading of construction projects.”

THERE IS A DIFFERENCE FROM THE ORIGINAL DECREE REGARDING THE MOBILE LOADS OF HOTELS (SEE PARAGRAPH 3)
Article 8: Variable loads

Paragraph 1. Non-accessible roofs

a) Snow load. This is initially determined according to local conditions based on Table 1.

Table I
α= 0° 20° 40° 60° >60°
PS= 125 h 125 h 90 h 60 h 0

Angle of the roof towards the horizon.
PS Snow load in kg per m2 of horizontal roof projection.
h Maximum thickness in m of the snow layer on a horizontal and free surrounding surface.

Intermediate values are interpolated linearly.
Where h is not sufficiently known, it may be taken as equal to 0.50 m. At high altitudes or in locations subject to extremely heavy snowfall, this value shall be increased accordingly. If the shape of the roof causes significant local accumulation of snow, the corresponding load increases accordingly. The calculation must take into account the possibility of normal or unilateral snow loading on the roof.

b) Wind pressure. The pressure W0 per m2 of flat surface perpendicular to the direction of the wind can be taken from Table II.

Table II
W0 in kg/m2

For parts of structures, except roofs up to a height of h ≤ 15 m from the ground 100
For parts of structures at a height of 15 < h ≤ 25 m and roofs at a height h ≤ 25 m 125 For parts of structures and roofs at a height h > 25 m 150
For structures with a small exposed surface area (mesh, scaffolding, masts, etc.) 150
For flat surfaces inclined at an angle to the horizon or perpendicular to it, and per 1 m2 (of inclined surface), the effective wind pressure is taken to be equal to W = W0 day2 a.

In places that are particularly exposed to wind, the above prices must be increased by 50%.

For angles α ≤ 25°, the influence of horizontal wind pressure can generally be omitted when calculating the roof, taking the previous pressure as the vertical universal load of the roof.

In open sheds, special attention is paid to the safety of the roof or its covering against theft, under a load including the permanent load and vertical wind uplift equal to 60 kg/m2 of the horizontal projection of the roof.

The roof elements must also be tested for a vertical concentrated load of 100 kg in the most unfavorable position as the weight of persons climbing onto the roof for repair, cleaning, etc. During this examination, snow and wind loads are omitted. Provided that the roof can be inspected safely without the above loading of certain elements (e.g., small opening boards, etc.), this examination may be omitted for these elements.

Paragraph 2: Structures exposed to wind

Buildings with sufficient rigidity due to rigid walls and floors or obvious stability (e.g., due to significant weight) do not require stability checks due to wind pressure. For individual walls of great height or constructed of particularly light materials and for particularly light structures or installations (e.g., wooden sheds, scaffolding, etc.) must be checked for safety due to wind pressure based on the data in paragraph 1)b of Article 8 and under a safety factor of n = 2.

Paragraph 3: Floors (loads in kg/m2)

No. Application rate (kg/m2)

  1. Roofs horizontal or with a slope of 1:20, when it is not excluded that people may gather on them for children, recreation, etc. (No increase is required due to snow 200
  2. Residences, offices, hotels, workplaces and corridors thereof, attics, exhibition and sales areas up to 50 m2, small animal stables. 200
  3. Hospital rooms and similar establishments and their corridors 300
  4. Stairs and landings in residences, lecture halls, and classrooms 350
  5. Assembly halls, churches, theaters, cinemas, dance or gymnastics halls, amphitheaters with certain seats. Corridors leading to assembly halls, lecture halls, classrooms, etc. Balconies and galleries.
  6. Exhibition and sales areas larger than 50 m2
  7. Regular shops, slaughterhouses, bakeries, workshops, and factories with light traffic.
  8. Bookshops, Archives, Libraries (provided that no significant burden arises from the calculation based on the prices in Articles 1 and 2 of Part I).
  9. Staircases, landings, entrances, porticos of all categories (except for those numbered 4)
  10. Courtyards without vehicle traffic
  11. Stables for large animals 500
  12. Amphitheaters without specific seating 750
  13. Elevators. Through the suspension of the elevator is calculated at 1500 kg per 100 kg of useful load of the elevator.

(Note: Decision -E-19728/28-4-66 clarifies that the load of 500 kg/m2 applies to the floors of waiting rooms for hotel guests or other visitors and not to the floors of bedrooms or auxiliary areas, for which the load capacity specified in paragraph 8, section 3/2, i.e. 200 kg/m2, should be taken as the useful load).

Paragraph 4: Railings

No. Horizontal thrust applied to the upper end in kg per meter of length (kg/m)

  • On balconies and terraces (except for the two designated areas) 50
  • In assembly halls, churches, schools, theaters, cinemas, recreational areas, sports facilities, and amphitheaters 100

Paragraph 5: Comments

  1. The variable floor loads specified in paragraphs 2 and 3 of section 2 apply to the weight of people, furniture, equipment, and light objects in general. In the event of any special loads from books, filing cabinets, light machinery, etc. in certain areas, it is not necessary to take these loads into account separately if the variable load of these areas is taken from number 5 of this paragraph 2.
  2. For floors in warehouses for heavy goods, tanks, factories with heavy equipment, machine rooms, halls, and stores with particularly heavy loads, car repair shops, courtyards with vehicle traffic, etc., loads will be calculated separately in each case.
  3. Instead of the actual weight of lightweight partition walls (made of wooden beams or metal mesh and mortar or lightweight insulating boards or other similar lightweight materials), a uniform load may be added to increase the variable load as described above. This increase is taken for walls up to 6.5 cm of total thickness equal to at least 75 kg/m2 and for walls 6.5 – 10 cm total thickness equal to at least 125 kg/m2 and for walls from 10 – 13 cm total thickness equal to at least 150 kg/m2. When the variable load is at least 500 kg/m2, this increase may be omitted.

Paragraph 6: Reduction of variable loads

When calculating building elements (columns, beams, walls, foundations, etc.) bearing loads of more than three floors and when calculating ground pressures, it is generally permissible to reduce the total variable load resulting from the sum of the variable loads transferred from the floors.

During this reduction, the variable loads of the first three upper floors are taken as whole numbers, while those of the other upper floors are reduced by the percentage indicated in Table III, number 1. In the case of equal variable loads per floor, the numbers 2 in this table give the reduction factor for the total variable load (of all loaded floors).

Table III
Floors 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th
Percentage reduction per floor % 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 80 80 40
Reduction coefficient of total variable load 1 1 1 0.95 0.88 0.80 0.74 0.65 0.60 0.60